International Journal of Social Science Archives (IJSSA)

An Analysis of Psychosocial Challenges Faced by University Students During Covid -19

2024-04-01T01:00:43+00:00

The majority of educators and students agreed that online learning was a preferable option during the pandemic. This study's primary goal was to examine the psychosocial difficulties college students had during COVID-19. The primary goals of the study were to identify the psychological problems that college students face. to assess how these relate to their comprehension, perspective, and application of COVID-19.should look into the different methods that students have employed to treat these illnesses. The whole student body at Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan served as the study's population. Using a deliberate selection technique, the departments of IBL and social science education were chosen to represent the study's sample. A questionnaire was used to gather data from the targeted department sample, and SPSS was used for data analysis. The gathered information was tallied, examined, and evaluated in relation to the study's goals. Conclusions were drawn from the data and then based on the research findings. Additionally, this study has highlighted the psychosocial problems and challenges that students face when learning online—problems that still need to be resolved. The conclusion emphasizes the assistance that the state, parents, educational institutions, and educators must offer in order to boost students' access to and participation in online learning.

Determining the Relationship of Green HRM towards Environmental Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan

2024-04-04T10:15:38+00:00

The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between Green Human Resource Management practices and environmental performance within workplace settings. Utilizing the lens of the AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) theory, a parallel mediating model was proposed, positing that Green HRM influences environmental performance through the mediating factors of organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment and organizational culture. A sample comprising 183 employees from manufacturing firms located in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, was selected using convenience sampling to test the hypotheses empirically. SmartPLS 3 software was employed, utilizing bootstrap procedures to validate the hypotheses. The findings revealed that both organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment and organizational culture play significant roles in augmenting the impact of Green HRM on environmental performance. Moreover, the results indicated that the implementation of Green HRM practices within manufacturing firms has the potential to foster sustainable organizational citizenship behavior and cultivate a green organizational culture. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of Green HRM practices, organizational citizenship behavior towards the environment, and organizational culture, particularly from the perspective of prospective stakeholders interested in promoting environmental sustainability within organizations. By empirically confirming the relationships outlined in the AMO theory framework, this research underscores the importance of integrating environmentally conscious HRM strategies into organizational policies and practices for achieving enhanced environmental performance and fostering a culture of sustainability.

Language, Politics, and Power: Unveiling Putin's Annexation Narrative through Fairclough’s Model

2024-04-01T09:31:42+00:00

If used correctly, language can be a guiding force, allowing an individual to influence others and achieve the desired results. However, the power of language can be used by politicians, one of whom is President Putin, and that was evidenced during the annexation ceremony of the four Ukrainian regions by Russia. Thus, the purpose of this paper is a critical analysis of Putin’s speech, and the author employed Fairclough’s three-dimensional discourse analysis to investigate how language is used to control mass opinion and gain dominance. The study results show that President Putin successfully used rhetoric to encourage nationalism and patriotism among (nearly) all Russians who were not satisfied by the set of events in Ukraine. Moreover, politicians can achieve the desired results by using several linguistic features and rhetorical strategies, and since a series of geopolitical conflicts mark international relations, that issue is essential. On the other hand, a more accurate understanding of the language and its usage can be achieved through critical discourse analysis. Therefore, in this paper, the author uses Norman Fairclough’s 3D Model of Critical Discourse Analysis to investigate President Putin’s linguistic features and rhetoric to understand the interrelation between language, power, and political discourse in contemporary conflicts.

A Comparative Analysis of Politeness Strategies in the Genderlect of Americans and Pakistanis in English TV Talk Shows

2024-04-01T05:58:30+00:00

The research aims to explore the differences in politeness strategies between Pakistani males and females, using English as their second language, and Native American males and females using English as their first language, specifically in the context of TV talk shows. The study investigates how politeness strategies vary based on gender, language proficiency, and cultural background, with a focus on positive and negative face-saving acts. The research methodology includes a quantitative analysis of twenty English-language TV talk shows from American and Pakistani channels, examining the politeness strategies used by hosts and guests of different genders. Findings of this study suggest that Pakistani speakers, especially males, tend to use more positive face-saving acts in interactions with females, while American speakers exhibit similar patterns but with variations based on cultural norms and language skills. Both cultures establish a preference for maintaining positive face and avoiding negative face-threatening acts, especially in cross gender interactions. The research study adds to what we already know about how language and gender are connected. It gives us new information about how people use politeness when they communicate with each other across different cultures. It also shows us how a person's language skills, their culture, and their gender all affect how they communicate with others. The results have implications for how we can make better communication between people from different languages and cultures.

Effects of the Decision of Separation of Teaching and Management Cadres at Elementary and Secondary Education Department in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, on Teaching-Learning Environment

2024-04-01T14:49:06+00:00

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the decision to separate teaching and management cadres in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Elementary and Secondary Education Department (KPESED)on the teaching-learning environment. The research conducted was of descriptive character. The survey technique was employed for data collection. The data were obtained by administering a self-designed questionnaire to male and female teachers attending government primary schools in three tehsils within the district Nowshera. The study's target audience consisted of government primary school teachers in Nowshera district, together with Headmasters/Headmistresses of both boys' and girls' primary schools. The overall number of elementary teachers is 3026, consisting of 1755 males and 1271 females. The District of Nowshera has a total of 754 Headmasters/Headmistresses at the primary level, consisting of 426 males and 328 females. The study's sample consisted of 341 male and female instructors, as well as 426 male and female Headmasters/Headmistresses. These participants were recruited by a random sampling method. The data were subjected to analysis using the percentage of responses provided by the participants. The numeric result was derived from the tabulation of questions based on the responses provided by the respondents. The study's findings and conclusions indicate that the separation of teaching and management personnel in KPESED district Nowshera significantly affects the teaching and learning process, by effectively addressing departmental problems and issues, and reducing political interference in the education department. The move garnered support from a significant proportion of teachers and headmasters. Furthermore, the recently appointed officials have effectively addressed deficiencies within the school system to a significant degree. The choice has additionally enhanced the educational setting. This study suggests that the division between the teaching and managerial staff may be maintained.

From Violation to Vindication: Human Rights in the Aftermath of Crime

2024-04-02T09:10:20+00:00

This paper delves into the intricate dynamics between crime and human rights, emphasizing the comprehensive impact on victims, accused individuals, and the broader societal fabric. In the wake of criminal activities, victims often face a dual plight: the initial infringement of their rights and subsequent challenges navigating the justice system. Simultaneously, the rights of the accused, particularly concerning fair trial and presumption of innocence, are at risk of being compromised. The societal aftermath of crime can lead to heightened insecurity, stigmatization of groups, and an erosion of trust in public institutions, prompting measures that may infringe upon civil liberties. Through the lens of international human rights law, case studies, and rehabilitation initiatives, this research article aims to chart a course from the violation to the vindication of human rights post-crime. It proposes a multifaceted approach involving legal reforms, victim support, restorative justice practices, and the safeguarding of accused rights. This framework seeks not only to address the immediate effects of crime but also to restore social harmony and trust in the justice system, underpinning the development of a just and equitable society.

Teaching Practices for English Pronunciation among Higher Secondary Students at District Kotli

2024-04-07T06:33:38+00:00

The primary goal of teaching and learning English is to enable students to communicate effectively. Teachers place a strong emphasis on vocabulary and grammar, and pronunciation is kept at low priority. This study analyzed the current status of English pronunciation among students and identified common pronunciation errors. This study was descriptive in nature, and the target population consisted of students at nineteen public higher secondary schools in the district of Kotli. Keeping in view the location and situation at LOC, only thirteen schools were found accessible. A sample of 325 students enrolled in 12th grade was considered for data collection. A self-developed questionnaire for students titled “Challenges and Complications in English Pronunciation Questionnaire (CCIEPQ)” was used, comprising three main categories of challenges, support, and teaching practices for English pronunciation. Pilot testing was done on twenty students and validity was improved by experts’ opinion. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach alpha and found to be 0.960. For data collection the researcher personally visited schools of district Kotli AJ&K with the prior permission of the concerned administration. It was found that students faced many difficulties to pronounce particular words or phrases correctly, cultural and regional factors also influenced their pronunciation. Teachers have great classroom teaching practices for clear and consistent pronunciation by providing feedback and correction is crucial for students' progress important Regular practice and repetition helps to improve pronunciation skills. It was concluded that teachers possessed a solid foundation in language instruction, but they neglected to appropriately implement these strategies in their classroom instruction. It is recommended that English language learning be made easier for students by encouraging perfect context in the english books, integrate technology, utilize pronunciation apps or online tools for additional practice.

A Systematic Approach of Preserving Poorly Documented Nawab Nusrat Khan Tomb

2024-04-07T07:16:43+00:00

The 1947 independence was unsuccessful as far as the conservation of architecture monuments in Pakistan. The awareness and the importance of preserving architecture monuments that prevailed during the British time was majorly absent after independence. Lack of awareness lead to the disappearance of architecture monument’s works and the plundering of many others. The paper focuses on the study of Nawab Nusrat Khan Tomb, which has been one of the victims of these negligence and policy changes. The monument has been neglected to this time under various different government conservation policies and surrounding pressures to this day. The monument to till day exist within a strong site context and if not conserved or worked upon would deteriorate.The present study establishes a methodological basis to proceed with the conservation policy of many of these disappeared architecture monuments’ with keeping in mind the limited resources. So, to stop the further decay of these buildings and to preserve them for future generations. One of the major reasons for selecting this tomb is nothing has been written or documented about the tomb to this day. In order to save for the next generation. A minimum conceptual framework is developed with minimum resources so that many other monuments like these can be conserved or documented before they totally diminish.

Impact of Social, Financial, Political and Economic Globalization on Poverty: A Case Study of Pakistan

2024-04-08T00:48:22+00:00

Advocates of globalization view it as a key to future improvement; by and large, it is viewed as a positive power for enhanced personal satisfaction, speeding up of economic development, proficient designation of assets and more noteworthy efficiency upgrades. The study investigates and surveys the effect of economic, financial, political and social globalization on poverty reduction in Pakistan. Various proxies have been used for all types of globalization and indices for them are generated through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The motivation behind index construction is to foresee outcomes on poverty through the easily available data on globalization. Time series data on Pakistan’s economy from 1988 – 2023 had been used to capture effects on poverty reduction in the presence of ARDL approach. Considering the revelations, the research proposes that economic, financial, political, globalization, and globalization contribute to poverty reduction. The results of social globalization show no negative impacts on poverty. This can be due to the increasing awareness and conscious regarding brands and contributes more towards relative poverty. Henceforth, policymakers ought to build the inflow of FDI, increase remittances and trade through security procurements to financial specialists, political dependability and macroeconomic steadiness. Upgradation in import substitutes, commercial ventures, and numerous different variables are required to control destitution.

Physics Learning Through 5E Model of Instructions: An Experimental Study

2024-04-09T10:33:46+00:00

In today's teaching and learning process, the 5E model of learning is seen as a good way to teach science. But there have not been many studies on it yet in the area of the study. So, this study was undertaken to look at how well the 5E model of leaning works compared to the traditional way of teaching in 9th-grade Physics. In this regard, a null hypothesis was tested using ANCOVA, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. The nature of the study was experimental, and purposive sampling technique was used. The study used a group of 72 students from Peshawar, equally divided into two groups: one taught with traditional methods and the other with the 5E model. Both groups took a test before and after the treatment / teaching to measure / see how much they learned and assessed them in the form of test scores. The results showed that the group taught with the 5E model significantly performed better. This means the 5E model helps students learn Physics better than traditional teaching methods. So, it was found that overall, the 5E model is a good way for teachers to teach. It helps students learn more and makes teaching more organized. It is recommended that teachers should develop their skills for designing a constructivist learning environment within the classroom. To achieve this, teachers should be given in-service training on the 5E model of learning. Thus teachers should learn about the 5E model to make their teaching better.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programs in Mardan: Teacher Perspectives in Professional Growth and School Improvement

2024-04-11T05:29:22+00:00

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the perceptions that teachers have regarding continuous professional development programmes, as well as the impact that these programmes have on the teachers' professional development and the academic advancement of their schools. To be more explicit, the purpose of the study was to examine the quality and effectiveness of continuing professional development programmes by assessing the perspectives and beliefs held by teachers. A sample of 80 teachers was used for the research project, and quantitative instruments such as structured questionnaires were used to collect data from them. The results of the study showed that teachers had a favourable and significant perception of the professional development programmes that were designed to boost their professional progress. It was viewed by teachers that trainers should work more cooperatively with teachers, such as listening to them, mentoring them, and coaching them rather than teaching them. As a new powerful and effective instrument to improve their school environment, teachers especially valued the sense of collaboration that existed between others in the teaching profession. In addition, the study divulged the components that constitute the quality of programmes for continuing professional development as well as the aspects that have the potential to contribute to the successful execution of such programmes.

A Study of Monitoring and Evaluation Practices at Secondary School Level in Pakistan

2024-04-15T17:13:28+00:00

The current study aimed to identify the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) practices at the secondary school level in Pakistan that described the practices and their outcomes in various school aspects in Pakistan. The study analyzed the existing monitoring and evaluation practices at the secondary school level in Pakistan, to identify the gaps in existing monitoring and evaluation practices and to propose a strategy for bridging the gaps in the existing monitoring and evaluation system to enhance the operations of secondary schools in Pakistan. The principals’ opinions were gathered through a questionnaire while Regional Directors were interviewed to verify and cross-check the opinions of principals. Concurrent triangulation research design of mixed methods was used to take the qualitative and quantitative data for analysis to reach the conclusions. The population of the study consists of 12 Regional Directors (RDs), and 186 secondary school principals of Federal Govt Educational Institutions (FGEI) Cantonments and Garrisons (C/G). Census sampling technique was used and all the population of 12 RDs, and 186 principals of FGEI (C/G) Pakistan were taken as samples of the study. Validity of research tools were carried out through field experts while reliability was checked through Cronbach Alpha. The collected data were analyzed by the latest (version 2024) of SPSS. Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics while Chi-square was used as inferential statistics to check the significance of the statements. Interviews were conducted for 12 RDs for in-depth understanding and the interviews’ data were analyzed theme-wise through thematic analysis. The major findings revealed that the existing M&E practices in majority of the schools are traditional and are carried out without using any M&E model, emerging technology and independent body of external evaluators. In majority of the institutions only internal evaluation is conducted due to insufficient financial, material and human resources therefore, the existing M&E practices have low reliability and objectivity. Findings of the current study revealed that there is a need of M&E framework, using technologies, independent body of external evaluators. On the basis of the results of the study, a monitoring and evaluation model was proposed at the secondary school level so that it could include all the proposed equipment in the existing M&E system to improve the quality of academics, administration, infrastructure, physical facilities, and co-curricular activities.

Machine Learning Approaches to Sentiment Analysis in Linguistic

2024-04-15T06:17:00+00:00

In the present era of techs and machines, various machine learning models including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, and Neural Networks are examined in detail, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for sentiment analysis tasks. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of different machine learning techniques in capturing nuances of sentiment expressed in linguistic texts. It is aimed to examine the performance of these approaches in handling challenges such as sarcasm, irony, and context-dependent sentiment. Through a comprehensive review and analysis of existing literature, the goal is to identify key research gaps and propose potential avenues for future research. In data procedure the extraction of textual data from websites, forums, social media platforms, and other online sources is known as data scraping. In data analysis performance evaluation to assessed the effectiveness of the model, compute a number of evaluation measures, including recall, accuracy, precision, F1-score, and confusion matrix. Analysed the model's predictions qualitatively by looking at samples that were incorrectly classified and detecting any biases or tendencies. In the results strong open-source NLP system BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is excellent at deciphering context and confusing words. The findings show that the selected method had a considerable impact on how well sentiment analysis models performed. The findings contribute to the advancement of sentiment analysis methodologies tailored specifically for linguistic data.

Economic Empowerment and Social Status of Pakhtoon Working Women

2024-04-15T11:04:52+00:00

This research work was performed to understand the relationship between social status and economic empowerment of Pakhtoon working women. The study used an online questionnaire which was directed at Pakhtoon women only. However, an attempt was made to keep the Pakhtoon context in the picture as well. Hence Northern Pakistan was taken as the universe of the study to assess the relationship in a Pakhtoon context. There were 100 responses out of 500 requests. The data was analyzed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and correlation methods were used for this study. The results showed that a working Pakhtoon woman's social status in the form of social inclusion, social acceptance, and social relations is highly correlated with her economic empowerment. It is concluded that financial independence and empowerment were the way toward the social inclusion of women in Pakhtoon society. It also creates good relations for her in society and she is socially accepted in personal and group capacity. It is recommended to give women permission to earn and include them in decision-making.

A Comparative Analysis: Structural Dispositions in Governance Performance Between the Musharraf Era and PTI-Led Local Governments

2024-04-18T18:25:02+00:00

This study investigates the local governance system in Pakistan during the tenures of General Pervez Musharraf and Imran Khan, addressing the persistent void created by political uncertainty in the structural framework. Throughout history, both civilian and military regimes have sought to shape the local governance system, introducing concepts and laws to enhance grassroots-level governance. The research critically examines these efforts, considering challenges and opportunities in establishing an effective local governance structure. Additionally, it assesses three rounds of local government elections under the devolution plan, exploring whether they empowered political figures at the expense of local development. The study probes reasons for continued authority centralization in military and civilian regimes, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive evaluation by an educated committee. Such oversight can monitor local governance activities from diverse perspectives. Given Pakistan's decentralization history, the study highlights central authorities' strategies to retain power, resisting governance shifts to the grassroots through amendments aimed at bringing government closer to the common people.

Effect of External Debt Services on Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

2024-04-30T17:23:23+00:00

The current study pursues to examine the impact of external debt servicing on the economic growth of Pakistan, spanning on the period from 1980 to 2022 (years). Time series data required for the study were sourced from the state Bank of Pakistan-SBP and world Development Indicators-WDI. To analyze the long and short term association of the variables GDP growth and external debt servicing, by applying the methodologies of Johansen Co-integration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The econometrics findings approve the expected presence of the long run relationship among the variables, and revealing a negative association of external debt services, Interest rate with GDP growth. It indicates a potential debt-trap situation. Evidently, there is positive association between external debt servicing and gross domestic production in the short run, imputable to the injection of external debt into the economy. This incursion leads to increased investments, heightened economic activities, and a transient boost in GDP. The conflicting results between short and long-term perspectives emphasize the necessity for devising of policy for the policy makers.

Apprehension of Teachers and Mothers about Aggressive Behavior of Secondary School Students in the Absence and Presence of Father

2024-05-07T17:59:53+00:00

Behavior defined as actions of single or all activities of individual with other and with environment is identified as behavior. It can be in the response or reaction to something. It can be unseen or observable. For instance, his fame among the people becomes inversely proportional with his disturbing manner. Social skills are a significant feature of students' status and appreciation in family, peers, teachers, community and also a part of their academic achievement. The present study was designed to analyze the impact of father’s absence on aggressive behavior of secondary school students. The major objectives of the present study were: i) To find out the views of teachers about the aggressive behavior of secondary school students in father’s absence. ii) To find out the views of teachers about the truancy aggressive behavior of secondary school students in father’s presence. iii) To investigate the mother’s views about the aggressive behavior of their children in father’s absence. iv)To investigate the mother’s views about the aggressive behavior of their children in father’s presence. A sample of four hundred students was selected through convenient sampling. This group was further divided equally on the students whose fathers were present and absent from home. Data was collected from sample student’s mothers and teachers through questionnaire. Data was analyzed through Chi-Square. Teachers and mothers viewed that students showed more aggressive behavior in the absence of father. The study will be helpful both for teachers and students to overcome the anti-social behavior to increase the academic performance at secondary level. The study will also beneficial to prepare positive members of the society. It is recommended that proper programs and campaigns be launched for mothers to highlight and realize the difficulties of aggressive behavior through media and social media. There may be some arrangements at school and home for physical exercise which will reduce the aggression, an anti-social behavior of students. In-service training for teachers may be conducted to recognize and solve the aggressive behavior of students. In this way teacher will able to solve the aggressive behavior and solve problems.

Relationship of Teaching Habits with Classroom Learning Environment

2024-05-03T01:35:33+00:00

This study aimed to investigate ‘Impact of Teaching Habits on Classroom Learning Environment’ that whether there was a significant relationship between Impact of teaching habits and independent variable such as gender, level and Learning Environment. To find the in-depth results of the problem, the study undertakes the objectives and research questions on Gender, Level and classroom learning Environment. The review of related literature highlighted the importance of Teaching Habits of school teachers and its comparative analyses. The population of the study is all of the students of Bajaur area schools. A stratified random sampling method was used to gather quantitative data. The researcher distributed questionnaire built on Likert’s Scale i.e. for public as well as Private sector Teachers. Moreover, the researcher selected 150 students from public sector and 150 from Private sector students through simple random sampling technique male and female. The researchers collected 300 questionnaires. The results showed insignificant association found between gender, level and classroom learning environment.

Henrik Ibsen the Artist: How Lonely! How Forsaken!

2024-05-03T17:39:25+00:00

This paper brings to light the autobiographical elements of Henrik Ibsen’s life (the limitations faced by him in real life) as dramatized in his plays. This study explores that Ibsen’s plays become an exercise in delving deep into the limitations faced by his near and dear ones as well as by himself. The characters in his plays often mirror his parents, and his own social and psychological sufferings and conflicts. Most of the autobiographical findings in this paper about Ibsen’s life, the limitations he faced in life, and the characters created by him which personify his own self, are based on the comments of different critics, and his biography written by his foremost biographer Michael Meyer. The limitations Ibsen faced, suffered, and portrayed in his plays are his poverty and financial problems, the scar of illegitimacy, his father’s bankruptcy, his cowardliness, his isolation in society, his loveless marriage, his fear of heights, his fears of youth in old age, his attraction to young women, and finally his emotional bankruptcy. This study brings to light all the mentioned autobiographical elements in Ibsen’s plays, how he climbed to the heights of arts and achieved materialistic success, fame, and popularity, yet at the cost of his emotional and spiritual sacrifices. This work will help the readers to find close resemblances between Ibsen’s real life and the characters he produced in his plays.

Mediatization's Impact on News Media Trust and Credibility: A Comprehensive Analysis of Viewer Perceptions

2024-05-13T01:28:35+00:00

This study looks at why trust and belief in news of Pakistan has lost its credibility and how Pakistani news media portray the relation between believing stories, democracy, and changes happening around us. To explore what factors harm media credibility, and how can we restored a qualitative research method is applied. The variables used to judge the credibility of the news media were, belief, accuracy, fairness, bias, trustworthiness, and dependability. In-depth interviews with a diverse group of media professionals were conducted using purposive sampling Thematic analysis was used to identify recurring patterns and themes in the data, giving an understanding of the effects of mediatization on viewer’s perceptions. The results specified issues causing distrust on media content and some solutions to rectify these issues were suggested by the selected panel of journalists/ Broadcasters.

Geopolitical Interplay of Pakistan, China and India: International Organizations as a Dynamic

2024-05-06T17:43:54+00:00

Pakistan, China and India are the three bordering countries with a lot of geopolitical interconnectedness but they are still not formally integrated in a region. China is located in a different region, carrying a distinct geography, history and civilization that in return has hampered to frame a regional organization for cooperation with Pakistan and India, despite the fact that all the three share common regional bonds through various other regional and international bodies. The paper therefore, examines that how the international bodies have been helping to bring the countries closer to realize the purpose of international cooperation. Being qualitative in nature the data for the research is gathered both from primary and secondary sources that was analyzed through thematic means. The findings refer that Pakistan, China and India are going closer to realize the sense of regional integration.

Exploration the effect of Four steps strategy on the enhancement of the spatial vocabulary in the subject of English grade III of male students in KPK Pakistan

2024-05-07T17:57:29+00:00

This study was experimental in nature. The study was conducted to explore the effect of four steps strategy on the spatial vocabulary enhancement in the subject of English grade III of male students in KPK Pakistan. The single group four cycle design was used in this study. The sample of the study comprised of 10 male students of grade III. The other objectives of the study were (i) to explore the effects of four-step strategy on the spatial vocabulary enhancement of control group students, (ii) to compare the effect of four-step strategy on the spatial vocabulary enhancement of experimental group students, (iii) to compare the effect of four-step strategy on the spatial vocabulary enhancement in the subject of English of control and experimental groups students. The venue for the experiment was, Army Public School and College (Iqra) Risalpur Cantt District Nowshehra. 10 male students of grade III were taken as sample of the study by using purposive sampling technique. The duration of the study was four weeks. Pre-test and post-test was used for collection of data. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed using paired t-test. The major conclusion of the study showed that four step strategies had significant effect on spatial vocabulary enhancement in the male students of grade III in the subject of English. Comparatively the performance of experimental group was much better than control group. It is recommended that the teacher use four-step strategy to the academic achievements of male students in the subject of English be beneficial for students and teachers to increase the spatial vocabulary in the subject of English by using four step strategy.

A Trends of Brands’ Advertisements on Facebook and its Consequences on Consumers’ Behaviors

2024-05-08T00:39:37+00:00

Facebook provides knowledge regarding the different varieties of products. It is helpful to increase people's attraction. Nowadays, many organizations have official pages and groups to connect with the customer. Facebook makes it easier to access the company so that consumers express their ideas, opinions, and views, and give feedback commencement through Facebook. The purpose of this study is to inspect trends of brand advertisements on Facebook and their consequences on consumer behaviors. The researcher used a quantitative technique to explore the behavior of consumers toward Facebook advertisements The size of sample was 300 respondents. This study used a questionnaire-based online survey to assemble the information and implement analysis. The findings of the study show that Facebook advertisements provide awareness about the latest trends and also provide more information about the product. Respondents follow the official Facebook pages of their favorite brands. The study also shows that the respondent believes that the product or services purchased online are cheaper than the same item in-store. Moreover, the buying preferences of consumers are often influenced by the social media advertisement which has a strong impact on their buying preferences. A small number of consumers also expressed their doubts about online purchases.

Analyzing the efficiency of Alternative Dispute Resolution: A study of Dispute Resolution Council in Pakistan

2024-05-20T17:34:18+00:00

Dispute resolution councils (DRCs) in Pakistan have emerged as a popular and effective mechanism for resolving disputes at the community level. DRCs are composed of local representatives and community leaders who provide a quick and accessible means of dispute resolution for people who may not have access to the formal justice system. However, despite their popularity, DRCs confront a variety of difficulties and flaws that must be fixed to increase their efficacy and sustainability. These challenges include the lack of trained personnel, inadequate resources, limited public awareness and trust, limited expertise in dealing with complex legal issues, and a need for better coordination with the formal justice system. To address these challenges, it is recommended that DRCs receive regular training and capacity-building, greater resource allocation, improved public awareness and trust, better integration with the formal justice system, and better monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. By implementing these recommendations, it is possible to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of DRCs in Pakistan and to ensure that they provide accessible, affordable, and reliable justice to the people of Pakistan.

The Discourse of Patriarchy, Gender, and Violence in Pakistani English Print Media: A Corpus-Based Study

2024-05-13T01:22:14+00:00

Pakistani society is firmly characterized by patriarchal values. These values determine the social position of women in Pakistani society. Gender, ideology and restrictive codes of behavior are used to exert control over women and female virtue and honor are associated with family honor. These patriarchal values are mainly the fountain source of violence against women (VAW). VAW includes honor killing, sexual harassment, marital rape, forced marriage rape, domestic violence; acid burning, etc. The present study aims at investigating the sufferings of women in Pakistan, and the nature of these sufferings and how men resort to patriarchal norms to perpetuate the subjugation of women. The patriarchal system needs violence for its existence. The present study adopts a mixed methods approach to analyze data collected from various English newspapers of Pakistan from 2017 to 2018. The findings conclude that men use all types of violence to ensure women’s subjugation. It has also discovered that structural violence is also responsible for women’s plight. To eradicate VAW, women have to be empowered socially, politically, and economically.

Diagrams and Graphs in Physics: Students’ Cognizance Problems

2024-05-15T10:27:05+00:00

This study aims at the investigation of student’s problems in understandings diagrams and graphs in the high schools of district Mardan. Objectives of the study were to assess students’ attitudes towards diagram and graphs, to find difficulties in understandings diagrams and graphs, to find the nature of difficulties in students physics work and to investigate reasons about complexity of graph and diagrams. Research design is qualitative in nature. Qualitative method was used to understand participant experience with error analysis. The study was conducted in district Mardan. Random sampling techniques were used to collect qualitative data. Participant of the study was 240 students of grade 9^th from four selected schools in which two schools were selected from public sector and two from private sector. 60 students were selected from each school. Content analysis was used to identify student’s error. Data was collected through interview or test from 40 students of Grade 9^th. Finding was obtained after analysis of data; conclusion was drawn and recommendations were made accordingly.

Bloggers Authenticity and Product Reviews: A Study of Consumer Perceptions and Purchase Intention

2024-05-17T18:16:43+00:00

The rapid growth in internet usage and various social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram, twitter etc. is gaining much popularity among people due to its easy use and user-friendly features. These social networking sites gave birth to the new phenomenon that is gaining public attention is of blogging and bloggers. To present ideas and one’s self in a unique, organized and attractive way is blogging and the persons who create blogs are bloggers (Skrba, 2020). Fashion bloggers on Instagram are popular among users due to their product reviews on various products. Their followers and viewers trust these reviews and influenced by the consumer behavior. The study was quantitative in nature and data was collected from 230 Instagram users through survey. This study seeks to explore whether product reviews of fashion bloggers effect the consumer behavior. The research study also aimed to see whether trust on bloggers and their popularity was an influential factor towards the consumer behavior. It was revealed that majority of the respondents claimed that they buy fashion products because of product reviews by the fashion bloggers. It was also found that the bloggers’ popularity and trust on the bloggers are also an important factor contributing in buying fashion products.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Perceived Stress Scale among Physicians of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Pakistan

2024-05-17T18:30:35+00:00

Valid psychological assessments of stress play a crucial role in measuring, managing, and preventing stress-related mental health conditions. However, there is lack of validation study on perceived stress scale (PSS-10) among physicians of Obstetrics and Gynaecology as well the relationship between physicians' stress levels and factors such as number of night calls per week, age, and hospital location remains unexplored in existing literature, highlighting a significant gap in research. Hence, the present study investigated the factor structure, role of demographics, and the reliability of the PSS-10 within a cohort of Obs and Gynae physicians (N = 347). The three competing measurement models of the PSS-10 were scrutinized using Confirmatory factor analysis with one model labelled as unidimensional factor, second model with two correlated factors, and third bi-factorial model. The findings endorsed the bifactor structure with an adequate model fit indices (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .05, Comparative Fit Index = .95, Tuker Lewis Index = .96, Goodness of Fit Index = .96). The scale exhibited commendable internal consistency reliability in the total PSS-10 scores as well as in its individual subscales. The PSS-10 was validated by correlating it with a team decision-making questionnaire that gauged aspects such as team support, learning, and quality services. This study lends strong support for PSS-10 as a reliable tool to enhance well-being and resilience in healthcare professionals.

Capacity Building Training Interventions and Lady Health Worker’s Outcomes: Evidence from district Lahore, Pakistan

2024-05-19T01:39:42+00:00

Community Health Workers (CHWs) by acting as a liaison between the community and the healthcare system, significantly enhance the well-being of people at community level. Community Health Workers, generally known as Lady Health Workers (LHWs) in Pakistan, are females who provide pediatric and maternity healthcare in communities. A diversified group of healthcare providers known as "Lady Health Workers" perform in communities outside of formal healthcare facilities. Lady Health Workers (LHWs) are vital components of the health system, not only for the provision of primary healthcare but also for the improvement of individual, family, and community health. Their training has been limited, leaving them unprepared for the difficult work they have ahead of them. Keeping in consideration the importance of LHWs capacity building, researchers tries to understand the impacts of training interventions on the outcomes. For the purpose of this evaluative study applied cross-sectional survey design to collect primary data from the participants. The data collected from the Lady Health Workers of district Lahore with the help of interview schedule as tool of data collection. Total 262 participants approached through simple random sampling techniques and findings of the study revealed significant association among capacity building training interventions and the positive outcomes of Lady Health Worker. Results also indicate these training programs enhance skills, professional productivity and satisfaction among Lady Health Workers. On the basis of results of current study it is recommended that to upgrade the knowledge and competence of LHWs time to time training opportunities should be provided

Challenges Confronted by Primary School Teachers in Classroom Learning Environment

2024-05-19T02:02:53+00:00

Teachers often grapple with challenges related to classroom management, including disruptions, non-participation, and inattentiveness of the students. Studying the challenges, teachers encounter in classroom management is essential for finding strategies to improve teaching quality and student performance. Objectives of this study were to find out the perspectives of teachers regarding students’ non-participation, inattentiveness, and disruptive behavior within the classroom and to identify the most challenging problem faced by the teachers in the context of non-participation, inattentiveness, and disruptive behavior. This study utilized an exploratory research design and a quantitative approach, collecting data through a survey utilizing questionnaires. A sample of 400 teachers from 93 government primary schools were selected in Tehsil City of District Lahore. Data was analysed by using SPSS v 21.0. About 60% of the teachers found it challenging to teach when students were not participating in class activities, over 70%, either agreed or strongly agreed that student attention is crucial for effective teaching and over 80%, either agreed or strongly agreed that disruptive student behavior can hinder effective teaching. The study findings highlight that disruptive student behavior is the most significant challenge, faced by teachers in the classroom environment. This indicates a strong consensus among teachers that disruptive behavior is a top concern.

Beyond Private Interest Litigation: Keeping Public Interest Litigation on the Right Track

2024-05-19T13:52:35+00:00

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) serves as an effective mechanism to secure justice for the public. It works as a commendable legal instrument for fetching public welfare. It has the capacity to compel the system to implement beneficial policies for all. PIL possesses its distinctive characteristics from the private interest litigation (PL). PIL operates primarily for public interest, whereas, the PL focuses on personal grievances. This paper underscores to maintain the distinction between these two legal recourses. This study explores the potential misuse of PIL for private interests: it has analysed leading case laws from both the Indian and Pakistani jurisdictions. Through this analysis, this article illustrates how PIL is often attempted to be misused. In the end, this study has provided certain recommendations for our courts to follow when they entertain PIL cases. It concludes that PIL is a collaborative effort of all us to give voice to the voiceless. It should never be allowed to be misused. The courts have a primary role in this regard to play in maintaining the integrity and proper use of PIL

Cyber Laws and Regulations Addressing Female Bullying in Pakistan

2024-05-19T17:28:08+00:00

This research work explores the theoretical underpinnings of Pakistani cyber laws and regulation pertaining to female bullying and considers their ramifications from the perspective associated with the Spiral of Silence theory. Laws of bullying for females are not specified yet however, there is no platform for female students where they can report and any law and regulations for female students except Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016 (PECA) has largely influenced the current legal environment, which provides a basis for comprehending the dynamics of online harassment. Inside this context, Section 20 of PECA—which makes cyber stalking illegal—is essential. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory offers a theoretical framework for understanding the social processes that persuade people to speak up or remain silent about their experiences. This idea sheds light on how the legal system might assist end the taboo around the harassment of women online in a setting of cyber bullying. The significance of taking the Spiral of Silence theory into account in the continuing development of legal remedies to cyber bullying of women is emphasized in this abstract. A survey will be created to collect personal data from respondents in order to analyses it. The preferred method is going to be inferential statistics and SPSS will be employed in this process.

Teachers’ Perception of Social-Emotional Intelligence in Public Sectors Secondary Schools of Punjab (Pakistan)

2024-05-20T17:45:52+00:00

For the development of teachers’ social-emotional intelligence plays an important role to impart knowledge and worked as the professional tool in public secondary schools Punjab. The recent research focus on the teachers’ perception of social-emotional intelligence of 237 teachers, 119 male 118 females in 44 public sectors secondary schools with area of study like science, arts, computer and Arabic. Stratified random sampling was used to collect the responses. Self-developed questionnaire was used to collect the response of secondary school teachers. The Cronbach’s alpha 0.87 indicate the fit reliability index with positive inter-item correlation. SA=0.76, SC=0.61, SE=0.72, SM=0.84, EMP=0.58, SESKL=0.67 and RDMK= 0.72. The mean value (4.34) of teachers’ perception indicated the high level of (SEI) and the significant (p≤0.03) mean difference between the trained (4.41) and untrained (4.24) teachers analyzed by t-test specified that trained teachers have more (SEI) than untrained. The univariate ANOVA post-Hoc test (SEI) of Arabic female teachers was significantly high as compared to Arts, Sciences and Computer subject, while the computer male teachers’ (SEI) was higher than Sciences and Arts in the area of study. Moreover, science female teachers have high (SEI) than science male and arts teachers. The arts female teachers have high perception than male arts and computer female teachers. Thus, research study concluded that the teacher's (SEI) of Arabic female and computer male teachers were higher than the male and female teachers of arts and sciences.

The Role of Facebook in Generating Public Awareness Regarding Climate Change in Lahore Pakistan

2024-05-21T01:22:09+00:00

This study explores user perceptions, engagement, and the credibility of climate change information shared on Facebook. This research seeks to uncover the impact of this influential social media platform on climate change awareness in a specific regional context. Researcher Research validity and reliability depend on sample size. This technique involves assessing confidence level, margin of error, effect magnitude based on study objectives, and statistical test selection. The researcher must also account for attrition and non-response rates to maintain sample size during data collection. The ability to recruit and survey within resources and timetables is essential. The sample size estimate was used for an unlimited population, and 384 responded. Complex situations may require a statistician or statistical software to calculate sample size. The findings offer insights into the dynamics of climate change communication in Lahore through Facebook and provide a foundation for informed policy decisions and awareness campaigns. It is evident that social media platforms, when harnessed effectively, can contribute significantly to advancing climate change awareness and fostering collective efforts toward climate action in the context of Lahore, Pakistan, and beyond.

Exploring Water Scarcity and its Effects on Indigenous Communities in Quetta, Balochistan

2024-05-30T00:57:51+00:00

Water is critical to human survival and economic development globally. The largest province of Pakistan Balochistan, Quetta is facing drought, water scarcity, and quality problems, which have adversely affected the life of the community. Major reasons for research work on water scarcity across the province was limited because of accommodation, transportation, time constraint, and data collection. This study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected in the universities of Quetta district through a well structure questionnaire, whereas, secondary data was collected from online accessible sources. The results indicated that the water level has reached an alarming level, primarily due to a subsidy on electric tube wells, indiscriminate installation of tube wells violation of tube-wells spacing norms, growing of high delta crops, population growth, and poor drought management. The paper describes the social and environmental consequences of water shortage issues and analyzes the causes of water scarcity including the mismanagement issues of water resources which has intensified over the years. To address the challenges of water scarcity and resource management, this article aims to identify the causes and effects of water scarcity in Quetta city. Additionally, it will also suggest solutions to overcome the water scarcity problem.

Enhancing Occupational Health and Safety Standards in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Strategic Approach

2024-05-23T00:03:59+00:00

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to describe the process for improving Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's occupational health and safety standards. To carry out the investigation, researchers employed a secondary data collection approach. It comprised interviews with quality assurance managers and health and safety executives who submitted reports to the department from six chosen secondary level hospitals, as well as an analysis carried out following the examination and analysis of reports, data, and other documents. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of Pakistan's workforce lacks occupational safety and health training and is illiterate. In Pakistan, there are much fewer occupational health doctors and nurses than there are workers overall. This indicates that the nation does not have a formalized system for occupational health. While the state of occupational safety and health (OSH) is typically improving in export-oriented businesses, most of these industries are ill-organized. The impact of a nation's labor force can be fully understood in the midst of an ongoing economic crisis, but even in growing nations like Pakistan, where economic progress is prioritized, circumstances for occupational health and safety remain appalling, as this review has shown. Not only are OHS regulations urgently needed to be strengthened, but methods for putting them into practice as well as increased OHS knowledge, training, and conditions across the nation must be established.

Comparative and Trend Analysis of External Debt Executed by Pakistan

2024-05-23T07:10:42+00:00

The government of Pakistan has had to take out a loan as a result of the country's significant budget-trade deficits, problems with foreign currency, and big savings-investment gaps. The purpose of this research is to find out the trend analysis, and to enquire about the repercussions of foreign debt, which was taken on by the previous three administrations in Pakistan over the period of 2008-2022. According to the data that is currently available on the country's foreign debt, the foreign debt was reported at a somewhat lower level while the PPP was in power from 2008 to 2012, followed by the PML (N) from 2013 to 2017, and then the PTI from 2018 to 2022. According to these facts and figures, the previous PTI administration was responsible for accruing the most amount of external debt. According to the results of this trend analysis, it is recommended that any and all forms of borrowing be carefully avoided. On the other hand, those types of loans that are essential should be used in those development initiatives that are more productive. Through the implementation of investment-friendly policies, inflows of direct foreign investment should be increased into projects that provide greater returns. It is necessary to make improvements that are beneficial to the taxation system in order to raise more money via taxation and bring the gap in the budget deficit down. Policymakers should also support integrated fiscal and monetary policies, since this is essential for achieving sustainable economic development, maintaining sustainable levels of foreign debt, and reducing pressure on the economy as a whole.

Copyright and AI-Generated Content: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Perspectives in China and the United States

2024-05-30T01:01:53+00:00

In the modern artificial technology era, Copyright law plays an important role in giving protection to the original work of the authors, shaping the creation and distribution of intellectual works. It is the type of intellectual property, which works as a shield for the creative work. As the technologies evolve, protection to such works has become difficult because of the involvement of Artificial intelligence generated work. Content has been created in bulk, and it is difficult for the traditional copyright law to identify who is the original owner of the work. The current laws of copyright also lack provisions for the identification of the work generated by AI. This study has been conducted using qualitative analysis to find out the answers to such questions and challenges. A comparative analysis of the China and USA judgments has been made in it. The study has highlighted the major similarities and differences in these two different cases and has also shown that how it will impact the AI industry. Policy recommendations have been given, to address the challenge of AI-generated content and copyright protection to it.

The Right to Register an FIR: Foundation for Fair Trials in Pakistan

2024-05-25T06:38:59+00:00

The First Information Report (FIR) serves as the foundation for criminal trials. The Station House Officer(s) (SHO) of the investigation agency is under an obligation to promptly register an FIR whenever any information regarding the commission of a cognizable offence comes to their knowledge, whether orally or in writing. However, they often refuse to do so or delay its registration. Consequently, victims or informants must resort to courts against this action of SHO. This research paper deals with a very important legal question: whether an SHO can refuse or delay the registration of an FIR in a cognizable offence. It also explores whether an SHO can inquire into the truthfulness of the information without first registering it. This research concludes that SHOs have no discretion in this matter. The informant or victim has the right to register an FIR. This should be accepted by the investigation agency. They need to be trained. Its recognition should be unequivocally declared by police authorities through issuing necessary directions to SHOs. Online FIR system can be a vital solution. These steps are sin qua non to ensure fair trials in the criminal justice system (CJS) of Pakistan.

Political Memes in the Light of Agenda Setting Theory: A Fabricated Mayhem

2024-05-26T02:18:15+00:00

Political memes play an integral role in creating the right atmosphere of attraction for political parties. The Agenda behind these political memes is basically to divert the attention of the target audience and evoke their voters to vote for them as well as to degrade opposing political parties through the element of humor. This paper aims to layer out the political memes through the theoretical framework of agenda-setting theory that political parties deliberately launch on the cyber world in order to change the views and opinions of youth. They are the key agents to instigate any change in society. The methodology opted to execute the research is qualitative and quantitative. The mixed method is indispensable in order to comprehend the perception of political memes on society. 13 randomly selected mems of three prominent political parties have been analyzed through Agenda–setting theory by Shaw and McCombs (1972) to comprehend how voter’s agenda is correlated to media and how it serves as a key agent in gauging the changing thinking patterns. For scaling these thinking patterns, a questionnaire has been developed on the Likert scale in order to understand the voice of the people specifically undergraduate university students. Purposive sampling technique is used to collect data from 25 undergraduate students and 25 postgraduate students. The results show that memes are remarkably playing a vital role in diverting people’s attention to certain agendas. Both genders are attracted towards it but males are more inclined. Moreover, there are significant differences observed in age and qualification

Beyond the Basics: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Vocabulary Use and Development in Qatari EFL Writing

2024-05-26T04:22:20+00:00

This mixed-methods study investigated vocabulary use and development among Arab learners of English (n=60) at the intermediate level in Qatar. A combination of quantitative analysis of writing samples and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews (n=15) was employed. The quantitative analysis revealed an average vocabulary size of 1,187 words and a Type-Token Ratio (TTR) of 0.68, suggesting a relatively broad vocabulary base with good diversity. The Lexical Sophistication Score (average: 42) indicated some use of advanced vocabulary. The qualitative analysis identified key themes related to student experiences: challenges with expressing complex ideas due to perceived vocabulary limitations, frustration with rote memorization methods, and the importance of encountering vocabulary in engaging contexts. Students also described active learning strategies they employed and the role of motivation and self-efficacy in vocabulary acquisition. Integrating the quantitative and qualitative data provided a more comprehensive understanding. While students possessed a decent vocabulary size, rote memorization practices might limit their ability to use it effectively. Thematic analysis suggested that incorporating engaging and context-based activities alongside strategies that encourage active learning and self-efficacy could be beneficial for EFL vocabulary instruction in Qatar. This study contributes to the understanding of vocabulary acquisition among Arab EFL learners by highlighting the importance of context, active learning, and motivation. The limitations of the study and future research directions are also discussed.

Ideational Dynamics and Identity Politics: Hindutva's Influence on the India-Pakistan Peace Process

2024-05-26T18:37:00+00:00

The identity politics as part of a Hindutva strategy has played crucial role in worsening Indo-Pak relations by hindering success of any bilateral peace process. Historically, India and Pakistan have involved in various peace processes but all to no avail. This research design follows exploratory and correlational approaches. The results are extrapolated by analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data obtained for the study. Using social constructivism as a theoretical framework, the study examines how ideational factors, propagated by Hindutva through the creation of 'us versus them' narratives or 'myths' constructing threats to Hindus, proved to be instrumental in forging a negative image of Pakistan which is intricately woven around the constructed perception of its dominant religion, Islam, and its adherents i.e., Muslims. The study reveals that the association of negative identities like those of terrorists and enemies with Pakistan as part of Hindutva agenda, has negatively affected India-Pakistan peace-processes. However, it suggests that adopting a multifaceted approach to peace can significantly contribute to the success of bilateral peace process.

Social Structures and Criminal Behavior in Pakistan: Implications for Legal Policy

2024-05-27T05:25:04+00:00

This research article explores the intricate relationship between social structures and criminal behavior in Pakistan, with the aim of informing effective legal policy. Key social determinants such as poverty, unemployment, educational disparities, family dynamics, and cultural norms are analyzed to understand their contributions to criminal activities. Poverty and economic inequality are identified as primary drivers of crime, exacerbated by high youth unemployment rates. Educational inequalities further compound the issue by limiting legitimate opportunities for socio-economic advancement. Family instability and socialization processes, influenced by peer and community norms, play crucial roles in shaping criminal behavior. Additionally, cultural practices related to honor and revenge, as well as the influence of tribal and feudal systems, are highlighted as significant factors complicating the legal landscape. The article concludes with policy recommendations that advocate for comprehensive legal reforms, coupled with social and economic interventions aimed at addressing root causes of crime. Emphasizing community-based approaches, the study suggests fostering collaboration between local communities, law enforcement, and legal institutions to bridge the gap between formal and traditional systems. This holistic strategy aims to reduce crime rates, enhance social cohesion, and promote a more just and effective legal system in Pakistan. the qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.

The Role of Urbanization in Facilitating Adaptive Reuse of Historic Buildings: A Case Study of Choona Mandi Haveli Complex, Walled City Lahore, Pakistan

2024-05-30T08:08:29+00:00

This paper explores the role of urbanization in accelerating the adaptive reuse of historic buildings within the walled city of Lahore, with a focus of Choona Mandi Haveli Complex. As urban areas expand and their populations increase, the need for the efficient use of existing structures becomes more crucial for the sustainable development of historic cities. The Choona Mandi Haveli Complex, a landmark building that has been adaptively reused as an educational institute and as an official purpose, in different time periods. The research meticulously examines current issues, such as economic, social, environmental and regulatory factors, that defines the implementation of these projects within historic urban environment. Through a comprehensive literature review, pictorial and visual surveys of selected sites, the paper identifies the best practices and challenges in achieving the goals of adaptive reuse. The adaptive reuse of the historic buildings supports to balance the contemporary needs and protection of heritage sites. The core objective of the research is to evaluate the adaptive reuse of Choona Mandi Haveli, being the most spacious building in the old city. The research focuses on providing guidelines for appropriately reusing historic monuments to reduce the impacts of urbanization within historic cities of Pakistan.

A Study on the Relationship Between Teachers' Training and ESL Teachers' Productivity at Secondary School Level in Districts of Muzaffarabad Division, Azad Kashmir

2024-06-01T13:45:18+00:00

The focus of this study was to investigate the relationship between the practices of B.Ed. Training Program which prepares these ESL Teachers at secondary school level. The sample size of 150 was taken. Different government girls and boys high schools of Muzaffarabad Division were selected including 80 males and 70 females took part in the research. A Questionnaire consisting of 31 items was distributed among participants. Non Probability convenience sampling was used. Besides checking reliability of the questionnaire study had reported useful descriptive features of data through descriptive analysis. The finding of study include that Faulty B.Ed. Training Program is responsible for poor performance of ESL Teachers teaching English at Secondary School Level.

Learning with Class Learning: Enhancing Education through Gamification

2024-06-03T05:26:13+00:00

Gamification in education has gotten a lot of attention in recent years because it can keep students interested and improve their learning. This abstract talks about the idea of "Game Learning with Class Learning," a new way of teaching that combines game-based learning with regular classroom instruction. This new way of teaching is meant to create a synergistic learning environment where students not only learn about school topics but also learn important life skills through interactive and immersive games. Play Games in Class to Learn Learning understands that education has many different parts and tries to go beyond the limits of traditional ways of learning. By putting well-designed educational games into the classroom material, teachers can get students more involved and help them think creatively, and critically, solve problems, and work as a team. These games are carefully made so that they meet educational goals and keep learning as the main goal.The chosen survey form is a questionnaire. It would be very time-consuming to interview all 431 students for the survey. It was also expected that not all students would desire to be interviewed, which could make the data less representative. Interviews and surveys may frighten some pupils. Students don't have time for extensive group conversations; thus they can't be used for surveys. Real results from group conversations are difficult in many ways. Through the integration of gamification into conventional pedagogical approaches, educators possess the capacity to cultivate learning environments characterized by dynamism, engagement, and efficacy. Such environments equip students with the necessary tools for achieving academic triumph and enable them to confront the multifaceted challenges of the contemporary era. The proposed novel methodology exhibits considerable potential in revolutionizing the trajectory of education, thereby quipping learners with the necessary tools to cultivate enduring problem-solving skills, adaptability, and resilience throughout their lives.

Unlocking Teacher’s Innovative Work Performance with Idiosyncratic Deals. The Parallels Mediating Models of Pakistani Universities

2024-06-04T18:51:27+00:00

Over the last decade, the education system has seen significant technical and architectural transformations after the COVID-19 epidemic. Additionally, it affects the innovative work performance and energy levels of teachers. This research examines the impact of idiosyncratic deals on the innovative work performance of university instructors in Pakistan. The attitude towards performing well serves as a mediator between innovative work performance and I-deals. In addition, cognitive dissonance has also served as a mediator between innovative work performance and ideals. Data for the current research were gathered from a sample of 392 university professors for further analysis and interpretation. The findings suggest that idiosyncratic deals substantially impact instructors' innovative work performance. Cognitive dissonance has a largely detrimental impact on idiosyncratic deals and the effectiveness of teachers' innovative work performance. Furthermore, a positive attitude towards performing well has a partial impact on teachers' idiosyncratic and innovative work performance. Cognitive theory advocates for examining methods to enhance teachers' positive energy throughout the execution of their duties. This research provides valuable insights for academic institutions and policy leaders in Pakistan's education sector.

Examining impact of Islamic Work Ethics on Innovative Work Behavior and Psychological Capital and a Moderating Role of Humble Leadership

2024-06-05T04:16:04+00:00

Ethical misconduct has been increased in the current century, stressing on the importance of Islamic Work Ethics (IWE) in the workplace. This aimed to extend the IWE literature by investigating the role of IWE in enhancing Innovative work behavior (IWB) and psychological Capital (PsyCap). Further, this study proposes that humble leadership acts as a boundary condition that supports the positive effect of IWE with IWB and PsyCap. Adopting time lagged, multi sources and survey design data collection approach, data was collected from a large company established in Pakistan (N=245). The obtained results supported the proposed hypotheses and confirmed that humble leadership moderates the link of IWE with IWB and PsyCap. This study offers theoretical implications

Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

2024-06-07T04:14:19+00:00

This study aims to investigate the impact of the fiscal decentralization on economic growth in the context of Pakistan. Focusing on key factors such as revenue decentralization, expenditure decentralization, own-source revenue, and fiscal balance, the study employs empirical analysis to unravel the impact of decentralization mechanisms on the country economic growth. While plugging in the Eviews, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test indicated that, in the beginning, all variables demonstrated non-stationary characteristics at the integrated of order zero (I(0)) level. However, through first differencing (I(1)), the variables became stationary, setting the stage for further analysis. Based on time series data set spanning the years 2000 to 2022, following the Pooled OLS estimation technique, the research reveals a positive correlation between revenue decentralization and economic growth, advocating for a judicious distribution of revenue-raising authority. Similarly, a moderate positive relationship is identified between expenditure decentralization and economic growth, emphasizing the potential benefits of local autonomy in resource allocation. The study underscores the importance of fostering self-sufficiency at the subnational level, as evidenced by the positive correlation with own-source revenue. However, a cautionary note is sounded on the negative relationship between fiscal balance and economic growth, urging policymakers to maintain fiscal discipline. The findings contribute nuanced insights and actionable recommendations for policymakers seeking to navigate the intricate dynamics of fiscal decentralization in Pakistan, providing a foundation for informed decision-making in the pursuit of sustainable economic development.

Adopting Cryptocurrency in Pakistan: An Analysis of Legal and Regulatory Approaches of Pakistan Comparable to Global Best Practices

2024-06-07T08:03:43+00:00

This article has examined the legal framework and status concerning cryptocurrency in Pakistan. It has highlighted the associated issues that Pakistan is facing like other developing countries. It has discussed the examples of other jurisdictions who have best standards and practices that are appreciable in regulating digital currencies and provides a crypto-friendly ecosystem. It highlights the necessity of recognizing and regulating cryptocurrencies in Pakistan. This study analyzes the situation of legal and regulatory framework of Pakistan and offer recommendations for reforms in the laws governing financial structures and cyber-crimes in Pakistan and suggested ways of promoting best practices by taking guidance and lessons from international standards and approaches.

The Impact of Green Financial Development on Economic Growth of Pakistan

2024-06-12T03:47:55+00:00

Nowadays, green finance that is, the growth of financial operations in harmony with ecological balance and environmental protection is seen as the primary means of achieving sustainable development, which is the considered as the main goal for every organization. This study intends to investigate the effects of green financial development, including green credit, green securities, green insurance, green investment, and foreign direct investment on Pakistan's economic growth. Keeping in mind the significance of green financial development for economic growth the time series for the years 1990 to 2020 was taken from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and the World Development Indicators (WDI). The Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) and Granger Casualty test have been used for the study. The results shown experimentally that foreign direct investment, green credit, green securities, green insurance, and green investment all contribute positively to Pakistan's economic growth. These results give stakeholders the knowledge that they need to increase their attention to green financial development, which is essential for the nation's economic growth

Political Engagement through Otaq and Voting Turnover: A Case Study

2024-06-09T10:19:46+00:00

In the formation of an individual’s political personality, the central role of the Biraderi (clan or community) lies in addressing all fundamental and natural needs. It serves as a central channel and, in a way, derives its role from the local context. Voters tend to identify with their Biraderi or family when considering the political system. The Biraderi Head (often known as ChangoMurs) becomes a proto-typical authority figure and initiates discussions within the community about political matters. The process of political engagement, particularly in interior Sindh, significantly influences every individual who is a member of the Otaq and regularly demonstrates their presence and participation in the daily Kachahri (informal gathering). Consequently, voters prioritize the interests of their family and clan. The voting for a specific person during conflicts, necessities, and for their well-being is often guided by familial norms. Therefore, Otaq acts as a cohesive force, facilitating social networking and serving as a means to increase their numbers for turnover.

Colleagues Discourteous Behavior and Teachers Job Performance: Role of Emotions and Hardiness

2024-06-12T03:24:19+00:00

The basic aim of this study was to examine the effect of the discourteous behavior of colleagues on job performance of the teaching staff. The mediation of emotional exhaustion and moderating mechanism of psychological hardiness in this effect was also probed. The extra-role component of the performance was focussed, which is related to the contributions made on voluntarily beyond the specified job responsibilities. The questionnaires were developed and mailed to the respondents for collection of primary data. The study used a dyadic approach, and responses were collected separately from the staff and the respective supervisors. Moreover, responses were gathered in different phases by following time-lagged approach. These both approaches helped to tackle the problems of common method bias. The collected responses were analyzed by using different statistical techniques. The study first examined the basic data characteristics and established the reliability and validity of the measures. The study then examined the specified direct effect by using structural equation modeling and indirect effects by using Hayes (2013) model. The results of the analysis witnessed a significant effect of the discourteous behavior of colleagues on job performance of the respondents. The results further supported to the mediation of emotional exhaustion and moderation of psychological hardiness in the specified effect. Based on these findings, the researchers suggested some policy implications and interventions to reduce the issues at workplace and to boost the morale of the employees for better and vibrant outcomes.

The Battle for Market Share: How Product Market Competition Shapes the Effect of CEO Overconfidence on Firm Risk

2024-06-13T19:44:40+00:00

This study uses a sample of Chinese listed firms to examine how overconfident CEOs influence firm risk, with product market competitiveness serving as a moderator. The findings of this investigation reveal that firms led by overconfident CEOs are more likely to have very volatile stock returns and cash flows, which runs counter to the predictions of traditional agency theories that assume agents are rational and risk averse. The results also demonstrate that non-state-owned firms are particularly susceptible to the unfavorable effects of overconfidence. Furthermore, except for state-owned firms, a competitive industrial environment may mitigate the negative consequences of CEO overconfidence. These outcomes suggest policy makers and regulators to formulate strategies for promoting stronger competition in the industry.

Development and Validation of Scale SSAPS for Investigate the Impact of the Semester System on Students' Academic Performance in Higher Education

2024-06-15T14:20:47+00:00

The impact of the semester system on students' academic performance in higher education has garnered significant interest due to its potential implications for student outcomes. This study aims to develop and validate the Semester System Academic Performance Survey (SSAPS) to measure various dimensions influencing academic performance under the semester system. The SSAPS initially comprised 50 items categorized into four factors: Student Engagement, Academic Performance, Stress Levels, and Time Management Skills. Expert opinions were solicited from 14 experts, resulting in the removal of 17 items due to poor content validity (CVR < 0.45). Data were collected via a Google Form distributed through WhatsApp groups to university students. Exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation validated the scale. The KMO measure was 0.748, and Bartlett's test was significant (p < 0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha for the instrument was 0.902, indicating high reliability. These results demonstrate that the SSAPS is a robust tool for assessing the impacts of the semester system, paving the way for more targeted academic interventions. Future studies could utilize this validated survey to explore the longitudinal effects on student performance.

Develop and Validate the Influence of Peers and Educators on Engagement Scale (IPEES)

2024-06-15T14:30:24+00:00

This study develops and validates the Influence of Peers and Educators on Engagement Scale (IPEES) to measure the impact of peers and teachers on university students' academic engagement. The study aims to develop and validate the IPEES, a scale designed to assess the influence of peers and teachers on the academic engagement of university students. The IPEES comprises 38 items categorized into five factors: Role Modeling, Social Support, Feedback and Guidance, Classroom Environment, and Motivation and Expectations. These factors represent the various dimensions through which peers and educators impact student engagement. An expert review was conducted to ensure the content validity of the scale. Twelve items were removed due to poor content validity ratio (CVR), indicating insufficient agreement among experts regarding their relevance to the construct being measured. The remaining items were then administered to university students via Google Forms. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation was employed to validate the scale. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure, assessing the sampling adequacy, yielded a high value of 0.897, indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis. Additionally, Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.000), supporting the factorability of the correlation matrix. The final scale reflects two core factors identified through a scree test, suggesting a concise yet comprehensive representation of the construct. These factors capture the essential dimensions of peer and educator influence on student engagement.

Sustainable Building Envelopes: A Solution for Energy Crisis in Buildings Pakistan

2024-06-22T15:49:30+00:00

Pakistan is facing number of challenges due to energy crisis and climate change. The overall economic status is also one of the major factor. The building sector is consuming the resources at faster pace and their products are not environment friendly. The objective of this research was to identify the impacts of the low performance facades that are contributing in the excessive mechanical loads on buildings in addition to a proposal for energy efficient sustainable facades. The façade is one of the major role player as a contributor in the performance of any building typology. The case study approach was adopted through qualitative study to summarize the impacts of low performance façade materials. The results clearly depicted the use of sustainable materials in the exterior would be the solution for the mitigation of future climatic changes.

Construction Techniques and Material used in Subcontinent during British Era: A Case Study of Shikarpur Sindh

2024-06-22T16:05:44+00:00

Shikarpur is one of the most historical place of Sindh , the history of this historical city begins from 1600 AD when Sindh was conquered by the Mughal Empires. The present city and its outskirts places were used as hunting fields known as Shikargah . Later on this historical place ruled by Daudpotas and Talpurs.

In earlier 1800 British extended their trade to Central Asia through River Indus. In 1843 British conquered Sindh, Britishers given special attention towards Shikarpur due to its geographical location, an underground sewerage system was laid in 1890 AD, underground water supply were laid with a network of fire hydrants. as Shikarpur was the trade Hub of Central Asia and after getting special attention from Britisher, economically the city become more richer and Architecture of this city boast up people started built beautiful houses, community Havelis and other institutional Buildings by local Authorities. The workmanship and techniques of that era was very high, they were often to build two, three stories’ buildings by using local techniques, Material and workmanship. The constructions were not only functionally, structurally and aesthetically sound but also environment friendly. Scope of this research to investigate the construction techniques and material used in Heritage of Shikarpur. The research was conducted through the surveys and detailed inspection of British Era Buildings in different areas of Shikarpur city.

Navigating Cheque Dishonor and its Implications in Quetta City, Balochistan

2024-06-23T03:45:42+00:00

This based on qualitative methodology using primary and secondary data to examine the patterns and effects of cheque dishonor in Quetta city. It aims to enhance the knowledge of interplay between financial dealings and societal norms by analysis also number of elements are observed that give to cheque dishonor like personal financial customs, banking process and economic limitations. Exploratory research and interviews were used to investigate about the cheque dishonor. Through six informants the primary data were collected while the secondary data obtained from the literature. The objectives of the study are to define the causes, effects and the challenges also that improves our understanding related to the interactions between the financial transactions, economic reality and societal norms. In the end, this study offers a valuable knowledge into the challenges faced by cheque dishonor and help to deter the negative impacts through by the development methods.

Enhancing University Student Employability: The Impact of Teacher Development in Practical Skills Integration

2024-06-25T14:28:17+00:00

This study, a collaborative effort between educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, examines the impact of various dimensions on the employability of university students in business departments in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. We collected data from 210 students through structured questionnaires and analyzed using linear regression in Statistical Program for Social Sciences. The results demonstrate positive relationships between practical exposure, real-time case studies, hands-on training, industrial protocols, student communication skills, industrial backgrounds, digital skills, technical/practical skills, and employability. Theoretical implications emphasize the importance of holistic approaches to enhance employability by integrating diverse experiences into university curricula. Practical implications highlight the need for continued collaboration among educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to align educational programs with labor market demands. Limitations include the use of convenient sampling and self-reported data, while future research could explore additional factors influencing employability.

Impact of Market Competition on Profitability and Efficiency of Pakistani Banks: Does Credit Risk Mediates the Relationship?

2024-06-25T15:45:34+00:00

This research has investigated the impact of market competition on efficiency and profitability in banking sector of Pakistan with mediating role of credit risk. Panel data of 19 conventional banks operating in Pakistan has been used for the time period of 2006-2016. By using Panel data techniques this study has found that market competition has significant impact on profitability and efficiency of Pakistani banks. Credit risk is positively and significantly related with market competition. Moreover, the impact of credit risk on banks profitability and efficiency is significant and negative. The empirical findings show that credit risk mediates the relationship between market competition and ROA as well as market competition and cost efficiency. The results of this study may help to suggest modifications in current banking principles to boost market competition, to certify financial stability and to increase banks efficiency and profitability.

Academic Integrity in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of Pakistan: Problems and Recommendations

2024-06-26T11:43:52+00:00

Academic integrity refers to the concept of ensuring moral standards and ethics in academia. The commitment and demonstration of moral values like honesty, trust and fair dealing in academic settings and contexts are the fundamentals of academic integrity. The International Center of Academic Integrity (ICAI) sets out five values to define academic integrity including honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility, and courage. This is a fact that higher levels of academic integrity consequently lead towards better academic standards and refinement of academic quality at higher education institutions (HEIs). The paper entails a qualitative approach and is based upon the past pertinent studies as well as the personal experiences of the authors in academia to discuss and evaluate the academic integrity in the context of Pakistani HEIs. The actions and practices which violate academic integrity constitute academic misconduct and adamic dishonesty. The malpractices may be done at the end of students, faculty or institutional authorities and HEIs administration. This paper discusses the problems and issues which undermine the academic integrity in HEIs encompassing the major issues including plagiarism, cheating in exams, contract cheating, collusion, facilitation and deceit among others. The paper also proposes the ways to address the issues of academic misconduct by suggesting measures and recommendations to curb the aspects of academic dishonesty by the students, faculty members and HEIs administrative staff.

Unveiling the Essence of Achievement Goals: Examining Multidimensional Pursuits and Gender Differences in University Students' Academic Success

2024-06-27T12:24:01+00:00

Setting achievement goals is of paramount importance for students as it provides a clear sense of direction and purpose in their academic pursuits, including achievement. By defining precise goals and targets, students can effectively plan their actions, allocate resources, and track their progress, which in turn enhances their motivation, value of task, engagement, and their overall academic performance. This research study aims to investigate the multidimensional pursuits of academic achievement goals among university students in Pakistan, considering the significance of goal setting in enhancing motivation and academic performance. Drawing upon a comprehensive literature review, the study examines the nature of academic achievement goals, including mastery and performance goals, and their implications for students' learning and performance. The research employs a survey and correlational research design, with data collected from 1036 randomly selected students across three universities in Multan city using the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ). The findings reveal that university students predominantly adopt mastery approach goals, followed by performance approach goals, with minimal adoption of performance avoidance goals and even less adoption of mastery avoidance goals. Gender differences are observed, with female students reporting significantly higher scores in mastery approach goals. Analysis also highlights significant correlations among different dimensions of academic achievement goals, although they do not significantly predict students' academic achievement. These results underscore the importance of understanding students' goal orientations and provide insights into shaping educational policies and practices to support student success and well-being in Pakistan.

A Study of Coronation Library Faisalabad-Focusing on Aesthetics

2024-06-27T12:34:37+00:00

Pakistan is a developing country which is working at it best for its better growth. The major sectors which are working for the country’s development are agriculture and industry. While considering its industrial growth, District of Faisalabad is one of the primary areas.This city is best known for its textile industry which is one of the major reasons for the city’s population increase as this industry is creating many jobs. Since the creation of this industry people are moving towards this city. Thus, the city’s educational institutes are rising in number. Consequently, the use of city libraries is enhancing day by day. One of the major and oldest libraries is The Allama Iqbal Library built in 1912 in the heart of the city. The utilization of this library is getting increased with the passage of time but a little is known about its historical developments and architectural character. To discover the architectural aesthetics of this building is a paramount significance for which a research was required to deeply study and observe the building. To achieve this objective the library was visited for visual observations and review of literature has been done. Offices of the Deputy Commissioner Faisalabad, Tehsil Council City Faisalabad and Lyallpur Heritage Foundation were visited to gather related information.

A Review Paper on Classroom Management at Secondary Level

2024-06-27T14:25:28+00:00

Classroom management is a vital aspect of teaching that greatly affects students’ learning experiences, particularly in secondary schools. This review paper examines the various strategies teachers use to maintain order and promote effective learning. In Pakistan, where classrooms often face challenges like large sizes and diverse student needs, teachers employ a range of techniques to keep students focused and engaged. These include establishing explicit guidelines, utilizing interactive teaching techniques, and fostering a positive environment. The article helps to find out the answers of these research questions: (1) how do different classroom management strategies impact student engagement and academic performance in secondary education? (2) To what extent do teacher preparation programs contribute to the development of effective classroom management skills for teachers working in diverse classrooms? The assessment also highlights the importance of teacher preparation programs and policies that support effective classroom management. It means that by understanding and implementing tried-and-true management techniques, educators can create a learning environment where every student has the opportunity to succeed. Since effective classroom management changes over time, it calls for ongoing effort. Enhancing the learning environment can be achieved through incorporating evidence-based practices, theoretical insights, and a thorough understanding of each student's needs. It encourages students' empowerment, academic advancement, and the growth of their interest in learning.

Perceptions of the University Teachers on the Institutionalized Practices Deteriorating the Scholars’ Performance and Quality Education: Psychosocial Factor Analysis

2024-06-29T10:47:38+00:00

The study investigated and assessed the reaction of Pakistani University teachers about the factors that affect the performance, reaction and engagement of university scholars. It further investigated which factors in Pakistani universities have impact on research in social sciences. This study worked on social and psychological factors that are considered the main cause for defecting research in social sciences. This study intended to identify the problem of university research. A well-designed scientific tool based on the opinion of the experts was launched to collect the impressions of 100 university teachers of leading universities of Pakistan. To interpret this phenomenon, the performance of the Researchers in Social Sciences as reported was evaluated. Using the descriptive statistical tools were used for interpretation. The research found the problem of psychological complexity, which affected the personality, performance and quality of scholars. It concluded that the scholars were facing problems in their departments, which has led to questioning both their performance and research in social sciences. It recommended for an environment that could be suitable for maximum grooming of scholars at universities.

Exploring the Potential of Network Marketing as a Catalyst for Investment Development in Jordan

2024-06-29T11:42:56+00:00

The study aims to investigating the opportunity of activation network marketing in support of investment, through investing Jordan Multi-level Marketing (MLM) or Network Marketing as it is more commonly known, has become quite a buzzword these days with its business model predicated on networking repeatedly through online platforms. Also, the analysis of network marketing in Jordan and how it affects investment development; along with some recommendations to harness its potential for economic growth. In the mixed-methods approach, we will collect network marketing data by interviewing and surveying professionals, investors and government officials both qualitatively & quantitaviley. The findings of the study will help to explain where network marketing stands in relation to Jordan investment map, and offers policy implications for policymakers, entrepreneurs & investors.

Exploratory Analysis of Regional Disparities in Household Welfare Indicators in Pakistan: Do Spatial Effects Matter?

2024-07-01T08:23:20+00:00

Pakistan is spatially a diverse state in terms of location of its economic activities and regional disparities in various dimensions of development have been a vital concern in its history. The article aims to analyze the distribution of household welfare index across 97 districts of Pakistan through exploratory spatial data analysis for periods 2004-05 and 2014-15. For this purpose, an augmented Household Welfare index is constructed for measuring Household Welfare across districts. The index consists of consist of five indicators. Final index is obtained by aggregating these indicators through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Findings of the study indicate positive global autocorrelation and thus indicating that a district with a high (low) is linked spatially with bordering districts which also have high (low) Household Welfare level. The results also display the HH quadrant in scatterplots of Household Welfare Index includes mostly districts of Punjab and KP, while LL illustrates a cluster of most districts from Interior Sindh and Baluchistan for both 2004-05 and 2014-15 periods. Overall, the findings demonstrate the twofold structure of Pakistan’s economic geography, as explained by most of the previous studies. Since geography of Household Welfare matters, it is recommended to reduce across districts inequalities by developing the social and economic institutions and infrastructure in the Baluchistan and interior Sindh.

A Comparative Study to Determine the Impact of Employee Benefits Package on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment

2024-07-02T12:23:31+00:00

In this paper, scholars attempted to explore the relationship between employee benefits package and organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and comparatively evaluate whether employee benefits package has a greater impact on organizational commitment or job satisfaction. For this study, educational sector of Pakistan is selected because benefits and pay packages differ between employee categories and could potentially lead to disagreements among employees when remuneration packages are compared. According to results, it has found that employee's job satisfaction is linked to employee's benefits package. Using a conceptual framework, this study examined the impact of employees’ benefits package on their organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The data were collected through a questionnaire with sample size of 200 employees of higher educational institutions including head of the departments, faculty members, and administrative staff using stratified random sampling technique. SPSS 27 was used to analyze the data using reliability, validity, correlation, and regression measures. The data analysis indicates that employee benefits positively impact both organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Employee benefits package has a greater impact on organizational commitment than job satisfaction. It means that a low significant correlation exists between employee benefits package and job satisfaction as compared with organizational commitment.