International Journal of Social Science Archives (IJSSA)

CHINA’S ROLE IN CENTRAL ASIA: ACCESS TO MARKETS

Akash Khan — 2025-11-29

ABSTRACT

President Xi Jinping's Central Asian journey in the fall of 2013 marked Beijing's first-ever (re)turn to Central Asia as a lynchpin of the Belt and Road Initiative's (BRI) globally ambitious "Silk Road Economic Belt". China's Belt and Road Initiative presents Central Asia as a hub for cross-regional infrastructure development, trade and investment. China's Central Asian development goals, such as building oil and gas pipelines from Central Asia to carry energy all the way to China and expanding the Eurasian Railroad to move commodities from China's manufacturing bases in both coastal and inland regions to Europe and Central Asia. How the BRI can transform Central Asia's different national interests, constraints and opportunities. China appears to be in control of how the relative balance of possibilities and impediments for both sides and their bordering states and areas will play out. The enormous number of train lines bound for Europe via Central Asia, as well as a significant geo-economic force that pulls the Chinese economy's gravity westward within China, then pushes its influence in the new market.

the Air Power in the 1965 War: A Comparative Analysis of the Pakistan Air Force under Asghar Khan Command with Indian Air Forces

Dr. Muhammad Khalid — 2025-11-29

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 serves as a critical case study in military aviation history, particularly in assessing the comparative competencies of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and the Indian Air Force (IAF). This research article conducts a focused competency-based analysis of the PAF under the formative leadership of Air Marshal Asghar Khan, who, although not in command during the war itself, laid the structural and doctrinal foundations that shaped the PAF’s performance during the conflict. The study explores various dimensions of air force capability, including strategic vision, pilot training programs, combat tactics, aircraft performance, organizational structure, and morale. Through a combination of archival research, operational data analysis, and expert military commentary, the paper illustrates how the PAF leveraged limited resources to achieve disproportionately effective outcomes against a numerically superior opponent. It also investigates how Asghar Khan’s emphasis on meritocracy, professionalism, and technological adaptation enabled the PAF to function with high efficiency under war-time pressure. In contrast, the IAF, despite its size and resource advantage, encountered challenges related to coordination, outdated strategic doctrine, and inconsistent command execution. The study highlights key engagements such as the defense of Sargodha, the performance of the F-86 Sabres, and the role of squadron-level leadership in shaping tactical success. Ultimately, this comparative analysis not only sheds light on the operational asymmetries of the 1965 air war but also provides broader insights into the importance of institutional leadership and strategic planning in air power efficacy.

A Analysis of determinants of child labour in KPK province of Pakistan

Haq Nawaz Khan Khan — 2025-11-29

The study in questions aims at describing the prevalence of child labour in a district of war and terrorism struck province of KPK Pakistan. The study attempted to identify the factors contributing to increase child labour and analyzed some theoretical underpinnings to eliminate child labour in the given context. To do this, close ended questionnaires were administered to working children followed by interviews. The targeted population was classified into 05 clusters and a sample of 150 subjects was randomly selected. 100 questionnaires complete from all respects were included for analysis using descriptive statistics. 25 in-depth interviews (20 children and 05 employers) were carried out to obtain insight and substantiate the quantitative data. Findings depict poverty, illiteracy, family size and skill learning intentions to be directly correlated with child labour. The absence of intervention of state and regulatory bodies make vulnerability of working children more severe. Findings are consistent with the previous studies.

Impacts of Poverty on Good Governance in Pakistan

Ruqia — 2025-11-29

Poverty is a multi-dimensional concept, not just lack of food consumption but also of crucial capability of life including education, healthy life and living social life. Poverty and inequality in Pakistan create many obstacles that hamper the way of good governance. If the economic policies and growth are not pro-poor then poverty would rise in any society including Pakistan, even in the presence of good governance. The rising poverty rates in Pakistan badly affect and decline the value system in society very rapidly that ultimately paved way for manipulation and exploitation more easily. Poverty and hunger lead to crimes, social disorder and intoxication in Pakistan, while economic development protects human being from such evils. In Pakistan, education is the primary source of human capital earning and accumulation that plays very important role, but unfortunately literacy rate is also very low. Education increases the production and proficiency of human resources and thus produces skilled and capable manpower, talented enough of leading the economy in the direction of sustainable development and creates competence which is just like a magnetic field contributing to the good governance. Likewise, economic development leads to mental satisfaction which strengthens good governance. This paper is an attempt to explore relationship between poverty and good governance and explore the impacts of poverty on good governance in Pakistan.

Laboratory Teaching and Challenges: A Study of Secondary Schools in District Chitral

Riazuddin Ahmad — 2025-11-29

Science education at secondary school level plays an important role in the development of scientific attitudes and development of psychomotor domain which help the individuals to understand themselves and the environment in which they live. The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore the problems faced by science teachers while doing Laboratory work at secondary school level in District Chitral. All science teachers in 10 different urban and rural schools were taken as the research sample. Adopted questionnaire and structured-open-ended interview methods were used to collect data. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tools and the result showed that the major challenges of science teachers are over workload, lack of laboratories, unavailability of scientific equipments and chemicals and ignorance of authorities. The study concludes that science teacher is the busiest teacher in secondary school having six classes each day and shortage of laboratory facilities is additional challenge for science teachers at government secondary schools. The study recommends hiring more than one science teacher in each school, science teachers should be provided in-service training and school labs should be properly equipped to facilitate laboratory teachings.