Unveiling Patterns in Social Insect Diversity: A PCA Approach using Open-Access Data
Abstract
Social insects are vital components of agro‑ecosystems, contributing to pollination, soil health, pest regulation, and biodiversity conservation. This study investigated provincial variation in honeybee colonies, honey production, bumblebee abundance, ant species richness, termite infestation, wasp diversity, and stingless bee presence across five provinces of Pakistan. Data were compiled from institutional sources, field surveys, and published literature, and analyzed using R version 4.5.2. One‑way ANOVA revealed significant differences among provinces, with Punjab dominating honeybee colonies and honey production, GB & AJK showing elevated bumblebee abundance, and Sindh and Balochistan exhibiting higher termite infestation rates. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) explained 85.25% of total variance, identifying ecological gradients that separate pollinator richness from pest pressures. These findings highlight the ecological heterogeneity of Pakistan’s provinces and underscore the need for region‑specific strategies in apiculture, pollinator conservation, and pest management. The study contributes to sustainable agriculture and biodiversity resilience under changing climatic conditions.
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