Electoral Systems, Political Efficacy and Voter Turnout: Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status
Abstract
Electoral participation is a cornerstone of democratic governance, and voter turnout is widely regarded as a key indicator of political engagement and legitimacy. This study examines the relationship between electoral systems, political efficacy, and voter turnout, with a particular focus on the moderating role of socioeconomic status. Electoral systems shape how votes are translated into political representation, influencing citizens’ perceptions of fairness and effectiveness. Research indicates that proportional representation systems tend to enhance voter turnout by increasing citizens’ belief that their votes matter, thereby strengthening political efficacy. Conversely, majoritarian systems may discourage participation among minority groups due to perceived vote wastage. Political efficacy, defined as individuals’ belief in their ability to influence political processes, is a critical determinant of voting behavior. Empirical evidence suggests that both internal and external political efficacy significantly influence voter turnout, as individuals are more likely to vote when they perceive the political system as responsive and meaningful. However, the impact of electoral systems and political efficacy on turnout is not uniform across populations. Socioeconomic status plays a moderating role in this relationship. Higher levels of education and income are associated with increased political participation, while disadvantaged groups often exhibit lower turnout rates. Socioeconomic inequalities can amplify or weaken the effects of electoral systems and political efficacy, leading to disparities in democratic participation. This study employs a quantitative research design using survey data collected from 360 respondents. Structural Equation Modeling using Smart PLS is applied to test the hypothesized relationships. The findings reveal that electoral systems significantly influence political efficacy and voter turnout, while political efficacy partially mediates this relationship. Additionally, socioeconomic status moderates the relationship between political efficacy and voter turnout, highlighting the importance of addressing inequality in democratic processes.
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